Critical approaches to humanities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Critical approaches to humanities - Essay Example Human evolution of thought has redefined most of what has been written as each contemporary period interprets work from a different perspective. In order to understand meanings and interpret the writing for the intended meanings, culture must be studied and examined to give the language context. Burke (1993: 56) begins his discussion of the context of culture as it relates to the written novel by stating that â€Å"Literature explores and makes sense of the mystery of the human condition in all its varied and twisted configurations†. When literature is looked at through this perspective, it is clear that beyond the idea of the story, the revelations of plot, setting, and theme, is the underlying creation of a reflection of how human beings relate to one another and to their world within a specific cultural context. This does not discount universality or the idea that human beings are at the core, human, but it does take into consideration the idea of meaning. The meaning of a concept will be very different in one time and space than it is in another. As an example, a modern reading of Macbeth creates a sense of the fantastical, belief suspended to accept the idea of witches that give over prophesy and ghosts (although often this is considered Macbeth’s hallucination) that torment those who have acted against them in life. From a contemporary perspective, however, the idea of witches and ghosts was very real to the audience. The three witches would not require the suspension of disbelief, but would be a reflection of the contemporary beliefs of Jacobean England. This could be compared to the reception of the film The Passion of Christ during a world a thousand years from now where the religions of today have transformed or been eliminated. The belief with which viewers watch this film will not have the same context as it would in a thousand years. The study of English began with the

Some Aspects of Submarine Design Essay Example for Free

Some Aspects of Submarine Design Essay The history of submarines shows there were two significant advances in the performance of submarines, which occurred after full scientific studies were undertaken. The first was by the Germans at the end of World War II when they produced the Type 21, which could have upset the balance in the U-Boat campaign if it had arrived earlier. The second was by the US Navy with Albacore which had a submerged speed of over 30 knots. To neglect full scientific studies would be a serious mistake in the design of any future replacement submarine. Design is shown to be like a jigsaw puzzle where altering one piece requires alterations in all surrounding features to make a workable complete design. The basis of improved hydrodynamic features is discussed. A new nose shape is presented which should improve the performance of the forward passive sonar up to operational speeds. Other major sources of resistance may be improved. It is proposed a first major step should be to establish the detailed performance of Collins using wind tunnels and computational fluid dynamics which will serve as the comparative foundation for any new design. RELEASE LIMITATION Approved for public release Published by DSTO Platforms Sciences Laboratory 506 Lorimer St Fishermans Bend, Victoria 3207 Australia Telephone: (03) 9626 7000 Fax: (03) 9626 7999 Â © Commonwealth of Australia 2004 AR-013-204 October 2004 APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE Some Aspects of Submarine Design Part 1. Hydrodynamics Executive Summary The history of submarines subsequent to the first truly operational vessel, Holland, launched in 1899, showed two significant advances as opposed to steady incremental developments. These resulted from full scientific studies of all the problems. The first of these advances was made by the Germans at the end of World War II, when they produced the Type 21 which had major improvements in range and battery time while their underwater speed increased to 18 knots compared to 5 knots on previous vessels. Design diving depth was increased dramatically. They could operate below the Allies submarine defence weapon systems. The second advance was made by US designers who produced Albacore in 1953 with a shape suited to full underwater operation. Its length-tobeam ratio was only 7. 7 and top underwater speed was 33 knots. The drag coefficient was only 0. 1 compared to 0. 35 on previous submersible designs. It is clear that scientific studies should be a starting point for any future submarine design. A review of the literature covers priorities in design and shows how enhancement of one feature interacts with other features and may even result in an overall loss of performance despite the perceived advantage of the enhanced feature. Hydrodynamic aspects are then discussed starting with the shape and reasons why a length-to-beam ratio of about 7. 5 gives the minimum resistance. All features affecting the resistance are discussed including the boundary layer, laminar flow, transition, turbulence and separation and how the flow over the principle passive sonar should be as quiet and smooth as possible. Added resistance from sails, masts, snorkels and appendages need careful streamlining and attention in design. A proposed profile of a new submarine is presented which has the passive sonar far forward in the streamlined nose with the torpedo tubes positioned further aft. It should be a quieter vessel with more effective sonars. The profile requires shortening to reduce the displacement and then the internals need rearranging. The design process then begins, which is iterative. In order to proceed with such concepts it is vital to have a database. Our current submarine, the Collins class, should be the base from which all changes and proposals are measured. It is suggested detailed wind tunnel studies should be undertaken concurrently with computational fluid dynamic (CFD) evaluations. The results should then be compared with full scale trials to establish propeller efficiencies and roughness factors as well as the contributions for each feature, hull, sail, control fins, masts and snorkels, flood openings and others. This database will allow more precise comparisons for any improvements which may be considered in a future design. Author Prof. Peter Joubert (OAM) Contractor Maritime Platforms Division P. N Joubert, a World War II fighter pilot, after demobilisation from the RAAF, studied aeronautical engineering at Sydney University. He then joined CSIRO, where he designed a radio controlled meteorological glider. Subsequently he was appointed as a lecturer in mechanical engineering at Melbourne University specialising in fluid mechanics. In 1954 he attended the MIT where he built and tested high-speed catamarans in the towing tank. At Melbourne University he built a new wind tunnel and much research was initiated and conducted there. He has authored over 120 scientific papers, most of them in fluid mechanics, boundary layers, roughness, and vortices and recently with a PhD student, the flow about a submarine body in a turn. Over the years he has received many research grants including one from the US Navy. His work with his students and colleagues is recognised internationally such as by the General Motors Research Laboratories and other international ship research bodies. He has been studying flow patterns on submersibles since 1998 and has helped with certain modifications to Collins. In 1972 he was granted a personal chair and since retirement has been invited to continue as a Professorial Fellow. He was awarded a medal in the Order of Australia in 1996 for contributions to road and yacht safety. He was awarded the AGM Michell medal in 2001 by the College of Mechanical Engineers and is a Fellow of the Australian Academy of Technological Science and Engineering. As a yacht designer he has had over 100 yachts built to his designs, including a high-speed catamaran for the world sailing speed record and ocean racing yachts. Some of these have won against world-class competition – the Sydney-to-Hobart race in 1983 and second places in 1968, 2002 and 2003. As a sailor he has raced his own designs in 27 Sydney-toHobart races and survived the storm of 1998. In 1993 he was awarded the Commodore’s medal of the Cruising Yacht Club of Australia for outstanding seamanship after his crew had rescued eight survivors from a sunken yacht at night in a strong gale.

Similarities between Business & Military Strategy Essay -- War and Bus

The Art of War and todays business have many common characteristics. Sun Tzu has analyzed war from different angles like moral laws, time period, chances of life and death, skills of the commander and the maintaince of the army. The same analyses can be made for todays business environment. War is a position where only the strong have the ability to survive, or at least the stronger ones have the higher probability to survive. Similarly todays business environment and the character of business people, their agressiveness, motivation, stress are all similar to ancient soldiers and commanders. The comparisons between war and business life are similar in five ways. 'These are the way, the weather, the terrain, the leadership and dicipline.' First of them is the way. In war the way you have to avoid from the strong andstrike at weak. Therefore at the beginning when you want to grow your business you don't neet to challange stronger rivals at first, you have to grow first by challanging the weak rivals in the busin...

How to Make a German Chocolate Cake

How to Make a German Chocolate Cake So what is the history of the German Chocolate Cake? The truth is that the cake itself did not come from Germany it is actually originated from America. The name â€Å"German† refers to the type of chocolate used in the cakes. And the chocolate itself is named after a Walter Baker& Company employee, Samuel German, who developed the chocolate in 1852. The chocolate was named German’s Sweet Chocolate and eventually became known as German Sweet Chocolate.It is a semi sweet baking chocolate that has a mild flavor and is much sweeter that other semi sweet chocolates most people but at the local grocery store. A German Chocolate Cake is an impressive looking cake. It is a regular chocolate cake with a sweet and gooey coconut and pecan frosting. A traditional German Chocolate Cake is not a typical layer cake that is covered entirely in frosting. This specific cake leaves its sides bare so you can see both the frosting inside and the three la yers of cake.One could argue that the best German Chocolate Cakes are made from scratch instead of store bought, box cakes, or just plain old messed up. Although there are many different variations of German Chocolate Cake recipes the one mentioned in this essay has been passed down from generation to generation. This particular recipe takes between one and a half to two hours to make. This recipe makes ten to twelve servings of cake depending on one’s reason behind making this cake. The ingredients used in this specific recipe are quite simple and very accessible.Many people already have most of these items already at hand. The ingredients for the cake itself are as followed: †¢Baker’s German Sweet Chocolate †¢Water †¢Cake Flour †¢Baking Soda †¢Salt †¢Softened Butter †¢Sugar †¢Separated Eggs †¢Vanilla †¢Buttermilk When making the cake batter with a mixer or without a mixer it will end up being light and fluffy. Along w ith the cake ingredients, there are also items needed for the coconut pecan icing for decorating the cake. Making the icing for the cake requires these items: †¢Egg Yolks †¢Evaporated Milk †¢Vanilla †¢Sugar Butter †¢Bakers’ Angel Flake Coconut †¢Chopped Pecans The cake making process is very detailed in every step. The first step is to preheat the oven to three hundred and fifty degrees. While the oven is preheating, take a bowl filled with half a cup of water and add a whole package or bar of Baker’s German Sweet Chocolate. Once the chocolate is in the water place it in the microwave on high for one and a half or two minutes or until the chocolate is almost melted. Once the chocolate is completely melted set it aside until later on when it is needed.In another bowl mix all of the dry ingredients together, those ingredients include two cups of cake flour, one teaspoon of baking soda, and one fourth of a teaspoon of salt. Once mixed set asi de until it is needed. Next take an even bigger bowl and a stand or hand mixer, and add one cup or two sticks or softened butter and two cups of sugar. Once these ingredients are added in; mix on medium speed until the mixture is light and fluffy. Next add the four egg yolks, one at a time, beating well after each addition. After this step is successfully complete, take the melted chocolate and blend it into the big bowl.Once blended in add one and a half teaspoons of vanilla. The next step would be to add the dry ingredients that were mixed together earlier and mix in one cup of buttermilk back to back. So add a little flour mix then add a little buttermilk until all of the items are in the bowl. After mixing the batter should be nice and fluffy now. The next step is adding in the egg yolks, one at a time, again beating well after each addition. All of the previous steps are to be mixed on a medium speed. In a separate bowl, mix the egg whites, which were separated previously, on h igh speed until soft peaks form.Using a spoon, gently fold the egg whites into the cake mixture. Once doing this the texture of the batter will be similar to that of a chocolate mousse. The last two steps of this cake making process include one preparing three eight or nine inch cake pans by greasing the sides of the pans and pouring the batter evenly. The second includes baking the cake at three hundred and fifty degrees for thirty minutes or until completely done. While the cake is inside the oven cooking, it is time now to make the coconut pecan frosting.Remember to check on the cake while making the frosting and take it out for it to cool down. The frosting process, like the cake process, is very detailed. But the only difference in the two processes would be that the frosting takes much less time to make unlike the cake. So the steps for making the frosting are as followed: †¢In a medium saucepan, heat off, add in four egg yolks, a can of evaporated milk, one and a half te aspoon of vanilla, and wisk it together until it is well blended †¢Add one and a half cups of sugar and three fourths of a cup or one and a half sticks of butter and put it over medium heat.Make sure to stir the mixture constantly for about twelve minutes or until the mix has thickened †¢While stirring the mix playing a couple of songs can make the time fly by much faster †¢After the previous step add one package of Baker’s Angel Flake Coconut and one and a half cups of chopped pecans. †¢Now that everything is mixed in you can turn everything off and let it cool down. To conclude this how to make a German Chocolate Cake essay, it is finally times to put the cake together. After everything has cooled down, it is now time to put the whole cake together.Once all of the cakes have cooled down, run a spatula around the edges to make sure that it will come out easily. Place the bottom layer cake on the cake stand and take the frosting and frost only the top of t he cake. The next steps are just like the previous step, add a layer, then frost the top, then add the last layer and frost the top. Only frosting the tops of the individual cakes gives the cake that signature â€Å"German Chocolate Cake† look. Now that all of that is done it is time to enjoy this moist, light, and fluffy cake. To make the whole cake experience even more exciting would be to have a cup of milk of coffee to go along with it.

Philippine Constitution

The second chapter dealt on the entirety of the state which is considered to be a very important concept in the field of political science as it is branded as the basic unit of the international community and the ultimate expression of political activity among men. The third chapter was aimed at discovering the historical roots and progression of Philippine government in order to understand the complexities and changes within the bounds of local governance. This chapter will be dedicated to the discussion of the fundamentals of the so called â€Å"fundamental law of the land† which is the guiding light of the affairs of both state and government.In addition, this will e an opening salvo to the critical study of the document as we enter the portals leading to the first two fragments of the 1987 Philippine Constitution?the Preamble and the National Territory. CONCEPT OF CONSTITUTION Creating an Equilibrium Before we delve deeper into the concept of the organic law, let us first turn our attentions to the specific field of political law that is germane to the study of the constitution itself?constitutional Law.Constitutional Law is the study of the maintenance of the proper balance between authority as represented by the three Inherent powers of the State and liberty as guaranteed by the Bill of Relights. L Genuine liberty entails exercising It without causing any harm or Interception on the freedom of others. This Is the Ideal arrangement since by practice, people unavoidably uses liberty beyond normal control.Hence, the state has been endowed from Its birth with the three Inherent powers namely police power, eminent domain, and taxation in order to regulate the usage of individual rights. But this does not mean that the state always has the authority to intrude on an individual's freedom because in the context of Constitutional Law, what is being advanced is not primacy of one of the two factions but the promotion of the â€Å"co-existence† Constit ution Defined Cooley describes it as the â€Å"body of rules and maxims in accordance with which the powers of sovereignty are habitually exercised. 2 It also refers to â€Å"a written instrument by which the fundamental powers of the government are established, limited, defined, and by which these powers are distributed among several departments, for their more safe and useful exercise, for the benefit of the body politic. â€Å"3 The first definition is much more extensive compared to the second one nice it covers even the unwritten constitutions like customs and traditions.Furthermore, Cooley's definition relates on the founding principles reflecting the aspirations of the sovereign while Miller's include in its scope the structuring of the government wherein the several powers are distributed for the promotion of the common good. In layman's terms, it is simply defined as the organic or supreme law of the state. Constitution vs.. Statute Constitution and statute are two terms belonging to the same world of legalities but differ in their scope and intrinsic meaning.The disparity is demonstrated in the allowing instances: 1 . The former elaborates on general items such as policies and principles while the latter deals on more specific topics. Statutes always follow the basic rule of legislation known as â€Å"singularity of subject. † 2. In addition, in the context of being â€Å"open to change,† the constitution (for the cases of the written, enacted and rigid) cannot be easily amended while statute is more open to change and can even be repealed easily with regards to its constitutionality. 3.The constitution is the product of the people's integral sovereign power in society while statute is a result of he process of legislation or law-making as practiced by the legislature. 4. Lastly, in most cases, there is only one constitution in operation but there can be several statutes that would be enforced within the bounds of the state. Discerni ng the Purpose The purpose of the constitution is â€Å"to prescribe the permanent framework of a system of government, to assign to the several departments their respective powers and duties, and to establish certain first principles on which the government is founded. 4 Dissecting this statement originating from American Jurisprudence, three government administering the state; 2. Next is the apportionment of the different governmental powers to the branch or department that must exercise it so as to avoid concentration of powers; and 3. Finally, to provide for the guiding principles which aid the daily affairs of the entire governmental order. Supremacy without a Doubt The constitution is the supreme law of the land.Neither legislation nor even the highest government official exercising immense powers inside the state can question the ultimate position occupied by the organic law in the hierarchy of the political system. The legislature can make laws but such laws are limited bec ause they must inform to the tenets and principles anchored on the constitution. In fact, the judiciary checks both legislative and executive departments by interpreting their actions as â€Å"constitutional† or â€Å"unconstitutional. † The people, its creator, in the exercise of sovereign power may not disregard the constitutions as well.But it must be remembered that they can institute changes if ever it is proven that the constitution does not serve or address the needs of the current situation. The supremacy scenario can also be observed in the landscape of the international community due to the fact that in cases of conflict between international law and municipal (local) law, the latter usually prevails based on the principle of par in paper non habit emporium. But there are exceptional cases wherein constitutional inferiority is demonstrated in upholding the general interests of the people. Variety Exists Constitutions around the globe are not exempted to the p henomenon dubbed as â€Å"variety. † Gradations exist and these are categorized into three major segments: 1 . There are two kinds of constitution according to form namely written and unwritten. The differentiation does not rest on the aspect of being â€Å"written† or not because mom examples of the unwritten constitution are in fact written documents. The major distinction is based on the â€Å"organization† of the scattered pieces into one, single collection.The written constitution is usually the organized one while the unwritten â€Å"consists of rules which have not been integrated into a single, concrete from but are scattered in various sources. â€Å"7 The 1987 Philippine Constitution is a written one while the English Constitution is an unwritten type. 2. The next one is constitution according to origin which also has two types: enacted (conventional) and evolved (cumulative). Enacted is a result of a thorough document construction normally done thro ugh a constitutional convention and is normally instituted at a definite time and place.On the other hand, evolved is a product of continuous process of accretion or adding up as it operates from one generation to another. The present Philippine Constitution is enacted while customs and traditions would be the best example for an evolved constitution. 3. According to manner of amendment is the last category that comprises both flexible and rigid constitutions. Flexible constitutions are characterized by flexibility which implies that it can be changed by he sense that it can only be amended by a specific body and the procedure itself is quite complex and difficult.The 1987 Philippine Constitution is rigid while the constitution of the Scandinavian state of Sweden is considered as flexible. Written Constitution: Essential Qualities Since the 1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines is a written one, it is more sensible to tackle the essential qualities of a constitution i n the lexicon of the written type. 1 . Broadness refers the extensiveness of the constitution in terms of its scope and reach. Furthermore, broadness relates to the fact that the constitution â€Å"is opposed to embody the past, reflect the present and to anticipate the future. Accordingly, it must have the capability to provide answers or solutions for every contingency. 2. Brevity implies that a good written constitution must stick to the basics. It is limited in the sense that it should not be a venue for staging the details which must be addressed and expressed by reinforcing legislation. Thus, the nature of the document is to prevent the situation wherein it becomes too â€Å"chatty' or wordy. 3. A written constitution must also be definite. This quality relates to the condition hat its provisions must be construed in a clear manner to avoid vagueness in the interpretation.Such ambiguity may lead to â€Å"confusion and divisiveness among the people, and perhaps even physical conflict. â€Å"8 Written Constitution: Essential Parts Almost all texts dealing on the topics of constitution, law and Political Science are in agreement that there are three essential parts of a good written constitution. These are the following: 1 . The constitution of liberty which is symbolized by the presence of a Bill of Rights, elaborates the citizens' civil and political rights as well as the imitation imposed on the side of the government in the regulation of the same.It is found in Article Ill (Bill of Rights) of our constitution. 2. Reflected in Article VI (Legislative), VII (Executive), VIII Adjudicatory), and IX (Local Government) is the second essential part known as the constitution of government whose main feature is the outlining of the governmental structure and the respective powers that they must utilize in the conduct of administration. 3. The provisions relating to the procedures on how to institute changes in the constitution is referred to as the constitut ion of sovereignty. Article XVII (Amendments or Revisions) is an exemplary of this part.Beginnings of the 1987 Philippine Constitution September 21, 1972 is the dreaded day of the proclamation of Martial Law courtesy of one of the most infamous head of state in the Philippines?Ferdinand Adrenalin Marco's. Such declaration was fueled by the various political upheavals in the Philippine political scene at that time including insurgency movements of militant groups and the fear of a communist seizure of the duly constituted government. The Martial Law lasted for about 8 years and was only lifted in 1981. The growing year 1983; Seen. Benign â€Å"Ninny' Aquinas, Jar. Turned from his exile in the United States and was assassinated at the Manila International Airport. Three years after such heart-breaking murder, Marco's called for a special snap election which was centered between him and the widow of Ninny?Carbon â€Å"Core' Aquinas. Massive cheating and electoral fraud characterized the election process in which the final tally of votes expressed the victory of the administration. Yet, even though triumph was at hand, the snap election was one of the major reasons that catapulted the People Power Revolution of 1986.The withdrawal of the military support for the overspent through the acts of high military officials Fidel V. Ramose and Juan Pence Enrich led to the downfall of the Marco's Administration. The world's attention was gravitated to the Philippines in the year 1986 when â€Å"the cheapest revolution†9 in history was launched in order to overthrow the infamous regime of Ferdinand Adrenalin Marco's. The latter was forced to go to an exile in Hawaii, United States. When Core was inaugurated as President, her administration reorganized the entire governmental order and promulgated the Freedom Constitution that abrogated the operation of the 1973 Constitution.The â€Å"Freedom Constitution† was the precursor of the 1987 organic law. In the latt er part of the same year, she ordered the formation of a Constitutional Commission through Proclamation no. 9 to draft a new constitution to legalize the new government. The regular session of the said commission was held from June 2 – October 15, 1986. It was headed by Cecilia Munson Palm, the first woman to be appointed to the Supreme Court of the Philippines, as chairman, together with Ambrosia B. Patella as vice- chairman. Napoleon G. Ram served as floor leader with Jose D.Cauldron and Madam Domain Alonso, a Muslim legislator, as assistant floor leaders. Members of the commission came from different walks of life which encompass such prominent names as former COMELY Commissioner Rene Sacramento, former Associate Justice Florien Regarded, former Chief Justice Hilarious Divide, Jar. , Dean Emeritus of Atone Law School FRR. Joaquin G. Barnes, S. J. , award-winningly director Lion Brocks, and notable lawyer Christian Monsoon. After drafting the newly structured and designed f undamental law, the commission recommended to President Aquinas the scheduling of the plebiscite for the ratification of the proposed code.A three-month period was given for the people to carefully study and scrutinize such. The plebiscite was scheduled on the 2nd February, 1987. During the campaign period for the ratification, Filipinos were quite apprehensiveness eventually, they approved the plebiscite. The process was a huge success with 76. 29% affirming the ratification while 22. 74% were on the contrary. The 1987 text is pretty lengthy and wordy which is composed of eighteen articles. Historical experiences have molded it into its present form and substance particularly the enormous impact of the Martial Law Era.THE PREAMBLE A Grand Introduction A book has a preface, a thesis has an abstract, and for the case of the constitution, here is a preamble. From the Latin word â€Å"presumably† meaning â€Å"going in front†, achieved through its expression of the author s of the document and their corresponding ideals and aspirations. It must be noted that the Preamble is not a source of rights, obligations and powers for both citizenry and government side. But because it sets down the origin, scope, and purpose of the Constitution, it is useful as an aid in ascertaining the meaning of ambiguous provisions of the Constitution. 0 For a better understanding of the messages imparted by the Preamble, several distinct partitions will be created and analyzed. We, the Sovereign Filipino People. This opening phrase indicates the main authors of the Constitution. What is unique in this construction is that the first person point of view was employed through the usage of the word â€Å"we. † This is very different form the case of the 1935 Constitution wherein the third person point of view was reflected by the less captivating description â€Å"The Filipino people. † FRR.Joaquin Barnes, one of the framers of the current organic document, expla ined that the â€Å"third person approach (1935) suggests that another power (the United States) was merely announcing that the Filipinos were anally allowed to promulgate a Constitution. â€Å"11 Hence, â€Å"The Filipino people† in the 1935 text clearly conjures the situation of the Philippines at that time being under the hands of another sovereign power and has not achieved true independence. During the euphoria of imperialism, the term â€Å"Filipino' does not apply to the natives of the Philippines.The Spanish colonization has founded a social stratification where natives were placed at the bottom of the social ladder while pure-blooded Spaniards (peninsular and insulates) and messiest are situated in a much higher position. These groups were regarded as Filipinos while the natives were branded as â€Å"indigos†?a moniker that signified racial discrimination. It is incredible to know that the framers of the 1973 and 1987 Constitution visualized the commonality among us; that we are one homogeneous body and truly Filipinos by heart.Imploring the Aid of Almighty God. Len both 1935 and 1973 texts, this phrase is worded as â€Å"Imploring the guidance of the Divine Providence† as a form of respect to the the religious freedom of every person situated in the Philippine archipelago including non-believers. During the deliberations of the 1986 Constitutional Commission, it was decided that â€Å"guidance† would be replaced by â€Å"aid† since the latter is a â€Å"more all-embracing term†12 compared to the former. Divine Providence† also yielded to â€Å"Almighty God† due to the realization that the latter implies greater intimacy regarding our relationship with the Divine and is considered as â€Å"more consonant with Filipino religiosity. â€Å"13 Basically, this part of the preamble creates a remarkable picture on how we value the role of the Omnipotent as the rudder leading us to our outstanding lo ries and destinies in life. Build a Just and Humane Society. The state and the government being created by the people themselves must uphold and create a social order that ensures fairness and greatly values human rights and dignity.The phrase added the notion that a constitution not merely sets up a government but is also an instrument for building the larger society of which government is merely a part. 14 Establish a Government. This phrase was carried on by both 1935 and 1973 constitutions in their respective preambles. One of the major intentions in drafting a institution is to establish a government that would regulate both internal and external affairs of the state and has complete autonomy in the eyes of the establishment of this structure: 1. Embody our Ideals and Aspirations.This refers to the primary responsibility of the government in advancing people's interests and not its own selfish political agendas because the powers of the same emanates from the governed per SE. 2 . Promote the Common Good. â€Å"General welfare† was used in both 1935 and 1973 texts but it was agreed by the 1986 Constitutional Commission that â€Å"common good† would supplant it in the new constitution. The rationale is found in the implication of the former phrase as the greater good of the majority and not the greater good of all components of society. Thus, â€Å"good† must be common to all. 3.Conserve and Develop Our Patrimony. â€Å"Patrimony' is so extensive when we speak of its scope since it includes everything that is rightfully owned by the people both material (resources) and immaterial (customs and traditions) ones. The government must see to it that these valued belongings of the nation must be preserved, conserved and developed. 4. Securing the Blessings of Independence and Democracy. This particular segment is not totally similar to the 1935 Constitution because the previous organic laws preamble only mentioned â€Å"the blessing of indep endence† in the third person point of view.This scenario suggests the Philippines' status during the American occupation which is still preparing to accomplish the colossal goal of self-rule. As seen in the current version, â€Å"democracy was already inserted in order to mirror the fact that the country is already a separate and independent state observing the principles of Republicanism and Democracy. In addition, this phrase is accompanied by the word â€Å"posterity' to stress out that the securing of the blessings of independence and democracy' extends even up to the eras of the next generations.Dating and Campanile also emphasized that the government established must also operate under the following conditions: 1. Under the Rule of Law. The created â€Å"medium of the state† must follow and be guided by the laws of the land. It bolsters the principle that â€Å"ours is a government of laws and not of men† which means that no person or institution is above the law. 2. Under the Regime of Truth, Justice, Freedom, Love, Equality and Peace. â€Å"Justice† and â€Å"liberty' were enshrined in the 1935 text while peace† and â€Å"equality' were added in the 1973 Constitution. What is new in the 1987 document is the inclusion of the words â€Å"truth† and â€Å"love. Truth was incorporated in order to impart to the readers of the Constitution how dismaying and hateful the acts committed by the previous administration (Marco's) in plunging the public into the pool of myriad lies. On the other hand, love symbolized the successful staging of the bloodless revolution against the iron rule of a dictator. THE NATIONAL TERRITORY Territorial Jurisdiction of the Philippines Territory is one of the four elements of the state and Just like the effect of the cinematic of people, destruction of the government, and loss of sovereignty, without it, the existence of the state would be in huge peril.Thus, it is important for a state integrity. As expounded by Article 1, the general scope of the national territory of the Republic of the Philippines includes: 1. The Philippine Archipelago. It is generally understood that the Philippine archipelago is the aggregate of the major island groupings namely Luzon, Visas, and Mindanao. An archipelago whose etymology originates from the Greek word appeals(meaning composed of several islands or groups of islands surrounded by water. Tracing the national territory provisions of the 1935 Constitution, the â€Å"Philippine archipelago' also covers: a.The whole Philippine territory ceded by Spain to the United States of America via the Treaty of Paris which was contracted between the two parties on the 10th of December, 1898. B. Subunit Islands and Canaan De Sulk which were clarified by the Treaty of Washington that was signed on November 7, 1900. C. Turtle and Manages Islands through the Convention between the United States of America and Great Britain whose purpose was to d elimit the boundary between the Philippine archipelago and North Borneo. The said convention was signed on January 2, 1930. . Philippine Waters. â€Å"Waters† in this sense applies to all the water forms found in the entirety of the territory. Due to the nature of the Philippines as an archipelago state, the waters embracing its islands (internal waters) are also considered as vital parts of its territorial control. Moreover, the term includes the territorial sea, contiguous zone, and Exclusive Economic Zones (ZEE). 3. Other Territories. These â€Å"other territories over which the Philippines exercises sovereignty or Jurisdiction† entail the inclusion of the allowing: a.The islands of Battles as reflected by the clause â€Å"all territory over which the present government of the Philippine Islands exercises Jurisdiction†16 in the 1935 Constitution. B. Those realms belonging to the Philippines based on historical right or legal title, such as Saba in Northern Bo rneo, enshrined in Article 1 of the 1973 fundamental law. On a more specific perspective, the territorial Jurisdiction of the Philippines is comprised of three kinds of domain namely: 1 .The terrestrial domain corresponds to the Philippine landmass and land forms making up the whole archipelago such as mountains, hills, valleys, volcanoes, islands and islets, etc. Furthermore, this domain embraces the natural and mineral resources found in (floras and faunas) and below (subsoil) the land surface. 2. On the other side, fluvial domain relates to the national waters enclosed by the archipelago baseline and the expanse of water located outside of the same marker. It also incorporates the seabed, the insular shelves, and other submarine areas. A.National waters include the water forms situated within the Philippine landmass like lakes, falls, rivers, canals, bays and treats as well as the internal waters identified by the archipelago doctrine. I. Archipelago Doctrine is a generally accep ted principle in International Law that is being incorporated and can be found in the last part of the National Territory provision. It states that â€Å"the waters around, between, and connecting the islands of the archipelago, regardless of their breadth and dimensions, form part of the internal waters of the Philippines. This doctrine is usually applicable to those states whose territory is archipelago in nature such as the Philippines, Indonesia, and Japan. It solidifies the fact that in the case of archipelago states, the islands, even though separated by bodies of water, will still be treated as a â€Å"single integral geographical and political unit. â€Å"17 ii. Straight Baseline Method is the most commonly baseline method which follows the contours of the landmass, it is done by determining the outermost points of the archipelago and connecting such points with straight lines producing an irregular polygon.The waters within the baselines shall be considered as internal w aters; while the breadth of the territorial sea shall then be measured from the baselines. 18 iii. The Constitution treats the waters inside the baseline as internal waters but International Law through the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOGS) considers it as archipelago waters. In the eyes of the municipal law, no foreign vessels can enter the internal waters without the state's consent. On the other side of the scale, International Law recognizes that foreign vessels may navigate the archipelago waters in the exercise of involuntary entrance only.Passage is innocent as long as a ship refrains from engaging in certain prohibited activities which includes but not limited to weapons jesting, spying, smuggling, serious pollution, fishing, or scientific research. 19 Involuntary Entrance refers to emergency scenarios wherein a foreign vessel enters territorial waters by reason of lack of provisions, ship is incapable of continuing the voyage, weather disturbances, e tc. B. Outside the baseline, one can find the territorial sea, the contiguous zone, the Exclusive Economic Zone (ZEE), maritime areas, and the open sea. I.The dimensions and measurements of the first three are also determined by the UNCLOGS, an international agreement which was partaken by the Philippines as one of the signatory states. It. The territorial sea or waters is about 12 nautical miles from the baseline. The coastal state exercises full sovereignty and Jurisdiction over this area; yet foreign ships can enter it on account of the right of innocent passage and involuntary entrance. Iii. Another 12 nautical miles from the baseline of the territorial sea is the contiguous zone where territorial Jurisdiction of the coastal state is not absolute.Even though control is limited in this area, the coastal state is still entitled to â€Å"prevent infringement of its customs, fiscal, immigration or sanitary laws and regulations within its territory or territorial sea. 20 In addition , hot pursuit can still be conducted in this zone. ‘v. Just like the previous zone, the Exclusive Economic Zone or ZEE (about 200 nautical miles from the archipelago baseline) is also not a solid component of the national territory of the Philippines.What is significant about this area is that the coastal state has the right to explore, exploit, conserve, and manage the natural and mineral reserves as well as install structures and conduct marine scientific research within its maritime dominion. V. Maritime areas include the seabed, the subsoil beneath the seabed, and the insular shelves which are redundantly found within the areas of the territorial seas, contiguous zones and the ZEE. V'. The high seas also known as international waters or open seas are definitely beyond the Jurisdiction of the coastal state.

Effectiveness of BlueSky Airways

Effectiveness of BlueSky Airways BlueSky Airways is one of the leading companies in the British airline industry. The firm faces a number of challenges including stiff competition. This paper analyzes the position of the firm in the market.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Effectiveness of BlueSky Airways specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Several airlines are competing for supremacy in the UK Short Haul Market. In the entire Europe, it is believed that UK significantly generates more air traffic as compared to other countries (Bamber von Nordenflytch 2009, p.20). Recent researches indicate that UK airports handle an annual average of two hundred and thirty million passengers. Some of the airlines competing for this market include easy Jet, Ryanair, British Airways, BlueSky Airways Flybe, bmi, bmibaby, Aer Lingus among others. These airlines fly from UK airports to other European destinations and vice versa (Lavery 2005, p. 63). The airlines atte mpt to lure more customers as well as ensuring creation of more value from its operations through building a competitive strategic advantage in the airline industry. In this industry, BlueSky Airways have opted to come up with a number of strategies that may help it improve its operations in addition to competing effectively in the aggressive environment (Mitchell, Coles Keane 2009, p. 77). Some of the policies formulated seem quite fundamental for building a strong strategic position in the turbulent airline market while others appear to bring negative impacts on the performance of BlueSky Company (Shapiro Varian 1999, p. 152). Michael Porter put forward three generic strategies namely: cost leadership, differentiation and focus (Porter 1996, p. 124). For any company aiming at outperforming other firms in the market, embracing either reduction of costs in its processes or differentiating the products or services is inevitable (Nag 2007, p. 938). However, Michael Porter also advoca ted for focus strategy if a market niche exist or where there is less competition in the market.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Furthermore, Porter demonstrates the application of the value chain analysis for any firm in an attempt to create considerable value in its processes/activities. The primary activities include the inbound logistics, operations, outbound logistics, sales and marketing. Moreover, some support activities most probably assist in increasing the firm’s value resulting from the ongoing primary activities (Gladwell 2000, p. 66). The support activities include procurement, technology development, human resource management and firm’s infrastructure (Kim Mauborgne 2005, p.183). The approaches put forward endeavor to create a competitive advantage for various firms operating in diverse industries (Liebeskind 1996, p. 125). Regardi ng the above discussion, it is clear that BlueSky Airways had opted for service differentiation rather than cost reduction in gaining significant market share (Probst, Raub Romhardt 1999, p. 223). This was demonstrated by the unique services such as free refreshments for passengers, more legroom, better quality seats, baggage checking in addition to seat assignment. Conversely, it has appeared that other competitive firms in the market have focused on cost reduction. For instance, the leading airlines in the market, that is, easy Jet and Ryanair are said to derive their good performance from charging low freights, which can partly be explained by substantial reduction in its operational costs (Martin 1995, p. 45). However, it later on came to BlueSky Airways attention that lowering its fares, implementing self-service, check-in port and buy-on-board will extensively help BlueSky reposition itself in the market and hence compete effectively (Moore1995, p. 56). Although these might h ave positive effect on its performance, BlueSky Airways believe that the maintenance of travel agents, mixed fleet of aircrafts as well as offering back up services will help reduce frequent delays and cancellation of flights hence building a competitive advantage over its competitors (Hamel 2002, p. 137).Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Effectiveness of BlueSky Airways specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Nevertheless, in the implementation of the proposed policies, a number of issues that needed to be fixed emerged among customers and the cabin crew. With the implementation of buy-on-board, the cabin crew complained that it compromises their professionalism. On the other hand, customers complain of the difficulties in operating the self-service kiosk ((Donelan1998, p. 123). They also feel uncomfortable with the high prices charged by BlueSky Airways. From the industry perspective, BlueSky Airways face stiff compe tition from the companies that employ cost leadership strategy in their operations. BlueSky Airways, which have embraced service differentiation strategy is likely to drag behind in the aggressive airline market as a result of the soaring number of price sensitive clients. The airline company has a number of primary activities such as warehousing passengers’ luggage, controlling the inflow and outflow of the luggage, flying customers to different destination points, advertising the quality of services offered to the customers as well as selling the airline tickets, offering services such as buy-on-board among others (Frank Cook 1995, p. 86). The support activities include outsourcing services of other companies in an attempt to reduce cancellation and delays of its own flights, use of technology through online booking of tickets, online payment of the charges, recruitment and training of cabinet crew and other staff members. The BlueSky Airways also receives great support fr om the restructured departments such as the accounting and finance department, which takes into consideration the amount spend in its operation and the resulting revenue (Scholes 2008, p. 167). It also evaluates on the best services to be employed by BlueSky Airways as it may have the potential effect of increasing its value and consequently earning it a strong strategic position. Other support departments include legal department and quality management (Stewart 1997, p. 105).Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The support activities have the potential of increasing the corporate value of BlueSky Airways. For instance, the availability and accessibility of BlueSky Airways’ website ensures busy and distant clients are able to access the website for instant booking. Furthermore, online booking reduces expenses as well time wastage associated with the movement back and forth in an attempt to get an air ticket at the booking offices (Bates 1999, p. 112). However, a number of primary activities are perceived as not adding considerable benefits to the airline operation. For example, cabin crew claimed that buy-on-board would strongly affect their professionalism. This will accordingly influence the corporate image in terms of the professionalism of its employees. As a result, existing and prospective customers may opt to choose other airline companies. Therefore, it will be prudent for BlueSky Airways to employ other value-adding services in order to maintain the long lasting good public image portrayed by its Cabin crew in the entire British airline industry (Kaplan 1992, p. 123). To ensure high level of competency in the UK Short Haul Market the company should however embrace cost leadership strategy bearing in mind that a large number of airlines dominates the industry. Certainly, the leaders in this market such as easy Jet and Ryanair seem to do better in the market. Their great performance is derived from their constant strategy focused on targeting the large price sensitive market segment. This has seen its grand performance attract new investors into the two airline companies. On the other hand, the service differentiation seems to add more costs on the plane operational costs. The BlueSky Airways therefore analyze its primary activities such as flying of passengers from one destination to another and try as much as possible to reduce the costs by employing support activities such as technology. Technology is to be utilized in online booking of tickets as wel l as the payment of charges (Sveiby 1997, p. 91). List of References Bamber, GJ von Nordenflytch, A 2009, Up in the Air: How Airlines Can Improve Performance by Engaging their Employees, Cornell University Press, Ithaca. Bates, A 1999, Managing technological change: Strategies for college and university leaders, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco. Donelan, J 1998, â€Å"Value chain analysis: A strategic approach to cost management†, Journal of Cost Management, Vol. 7, Issue 15. Frank, R Cook, P 1995, The Winner Take All Society, Free Press, New York. Gladwell, M 2000, The Tipping Point, Little Brown, New York. Hamel, G 2002, Leading the Revolution, Plume (Penguin Books, New York. Kaplan, R 1992, â€Å"Activity-based systems: Measuring the costs of resource usage†, Accounting Horizons, V0l. 1, Issue 13. Kim, LM Mauborgne, C 2005, Blue Ocean Strategy, Harvard Business Press, Harvard. Lavery, B 2005, â€Å"International Business; Former Chief of Aer Lingus To Get British Airs Top Post†, The New York Times, Retrieved Liebeskind, JP 1996, â€Å"Knowledge, Strategy, and the Theory of the Firm†, Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 17. Martin, J1995, The Great Transition: Using the Seven Disciplines of Enterprise Engineering, AMACOM, New York. Mitchell, J, Coles, C Keane, J 2009, â€Å"Upgrading along value chains: Strategies for poverty reduction in Latin America†, COPLA Global Overseas Development Institute, London. Moore, MH 1995, Creating Public Value: Strategic Management in Government, Harvard University Press, Cambridge. Nag, R 2007, â€Å"what is strategic management, really? Inductive derivation of a consensus definition of the field†, Strategic Management Journal, Volume 28, Issue 9, pp 935–955. Porter, ME 1996, â€Å"What is strategy?† Harvard Business Review, Harvard. Probst, G, Raub, S Romhardt K 1999, Managing Knowledge, Wiley, London. Scholes, K 2008, Exploring Corporate Strategy, 8th edn, Essex, FT Pr entice Hall. Shapiro, C Varian, H 1999, Information Rules, Harard Business School Press, Boston. Stewart, T 1997, Intellectual Capital, Nicholas Brealey, London. Sveiby, KE 1997, The New Organizational Wealth: Managing and measuring knowledge-based assets, Berrett-Koehler Publishers, San Francisco.

Education in Sudan

Education in Sudan Free Online Research Papers Representation of the Sudans Education A work of literature can not be separated from the context in it occurred. The context of the work of literature includes two main dimensions: the dimension of time and the dimension of space (place). Season of Migration to the North takes place in the first half of the last century on Sudan. Some of the incidents occurred during the period on which the narrator or Mustafa Saeed were outside their homeland living in England .The novel reflects the actual historical facts about Sudans education in that period Education is crucial in any type of society for the preservation of the lives of its members and the maintenance of the social structure (Rodeny ,et.al,†¦. ). Education is a crucial aspect for the life of any nation as it is the case for the Sudanese. The importance of education came from the fact that its influence is huge on many different aspects of the Sudanese life. Im going to cover this crucial aspect of life by the analysis which will depend mainly on what it was mentioned about education within the text of Season of Migration to the North† and I will connect these indications about the status of education in Sudan with the real information which we get from history books. During the first half of the twentieth century, educational institutions were, for the first time, introduced by the colonial power (England) to the Sudanese culture. Apparently, the population of Sudan who was not acquainted to the colonial educational system (a system that served the colonial power’ plans) did not perceive the idea easily. The people feared sending their own children to schools as was explicitly mentioned in p.20of the novel: That was the time when we first had schools. I remember now that the people were not keen about them and so the government would send its officials to scour the villages and tribal communities while the people hide their sons. They thought of schools as being a great evil that had come to them with the armies of occupation The colonial schools system was originally introduced to Sudan for the purpose of training Sudanese to participate in the domination and the exploitation of their own nation, for the purpose of creating inferiority complex, and of creating confusion. The main purpose of colonial system was to train Africans to participate in the domination and exploitation of the continent as a whole. Colonial education was education for subordination, exploitation the creation of mental confusion and the development of underdevelopment (Rodeny,et.al,†¦.) The colonial educational system was involved in creating an alienated Sudanese class in their own homeland In Rodeny ,Corbal and Ngugi as guides to Africa post colonial literature ,we were told that the most alienated in Africa were the educated Africans The educated Africans were the most alienated Africans on the continent. At each further stage of education, they were buttered and succumbed to the white capitalist system, and after being given salaries they could then afford to sustain a style imported from outside.. That further transformed their mentality. One may think of the reasons that made these educated African alienated from their society, about their role in the development of their underdeveloped country and their loyalty †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦etc. The first reason for being alienated from Sudanese is properly the role that the educated Sudanese class played during the English occupation .The graduates of Gordon collage , which was very much like intermediate school ,were the junior government officials such as mamours†¦etc. The English commissioner gave them orders to bring in the taxes from their kinsmen. They had to opay the orders; otherwise, they will lose their jobs or they will be punished for the accuses of inflammation of mutiny against England control over Sudan. The ignorant Sudanese were so exploited to the degree that they hated their Sudanese brothers and loved the English commissioner who pretended to be full of mercy and pity .The English commissioner pretended to behave in that merciful way to avoid the fate of the previous English commissioner in Sudan who was assassinated by the patriot Sudanese . The educated were thought to be the one who exploited the nation. Secondly, the educated were alienated from the society because of their hypridity. They have a culture of their own. Their culture of inbetweenness includes both the features from the Sudanese and European cultures .They were living in the third space. Both of the narrator and Mustafa saeed can be considered alien to the people of the village. They were different in certain ways. For Mustafa Sa’eed, he was alien to the village in the literal sense of the word since he has no root in the village. The villagers knew very little about him as appears when the narrator asked his friend and his grandfather about Saeed. Their answer was that he was from Alkhortoum and he settled in the village five years ago and married Mahmoud daughter four years ago and his behaviors caused no harm. These information is so few to the degree that when you know such information about a person you actually do not know him or her .The more important aspect of his alienation is on the intell ectual level .His way of perceiving the world is different from the way the society does . This appears in many of his actions during his residence in the village such as his relation with his wife Husna, he did not treat her in the same way other men in the village did with their own wives .He acknowledged her rights to think, to be independent and to have a voice .This was never done or accepted in the village society. He also seems to be alien when he cared about giving excuses for coming to visit the narrator at noon .In the village culture ,visiting your neighbors in any time of the day ,even if it is the noon or the middle of the night or the early mourning ,is accepted without bothering yourself of making excuse. . The narrator is also alien in his way of thinking, such as his refusal to acknowledge Husna marriage to Wad Rayes while the whole population of that village accepted this marriage as a normal thing to happen. He gave Husna an excuse for her deed, but the whole society considered her deed as a shameful deed of a female done in the history of the peaceful village. The most important reason for being alienated from the Society is the fact that these educated people where greatly influenced by the education they received from the colonial school system to the degree that they believed firmly in the ideas and the believes of colonialism. The influence of the colonial educational system continued after the end of colonialism. The educated retained the ideologies, the believes and the attitudes of colonialism while ruling their homeland. We can no longer consider Sudan as independent state even after the end of military colonialism since the colonial power ruled it by the black masked faces who carried in their minds the white thoughts and believes .The colonial power left the native land but still its control of the land continued . This was stated directly in the conversation between the narrator and the retired Mamour PP52-53. The people would gumble and complain to the English commissioner ,and naturally it was the English commissioner who was indulgent and showed mercy . And in this way they sowed hatred in the hearts of the people for us , their kinsmen ,and love for the colonizers , the intruders †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Have we not become independent? Have we not become free men in our country ?Be sure ,though that they will direct our affairs from a far . This is because they left behind them people who think as they do †¦.It was the nobodies who had the best jobs in the days of the English ? The graduates from the intermediate school , specifically Gordon collage ,played a marginal role if they played any role at all in the social aspect of life , their role was merely writing essays from time to time in wall newspapers or delivering speeches in certain religious and social occasions such as the memory of the birthday of the prophet _peace be upon Him _ †¦etc or making discussions of literature in their homes and clubs taking on their consideration the fear of authority and its intensive pressure upon them . . ? . . ?345. ( ,.). If this was the case with the graduates of Gordon collage, what was the case for the graduates of the universities of Egypt, England, Lebanon†¦.etc ? The status of these graduates from foreign universities was not better than their kinsmen, the graduates of Gordon collage. They were unfortunately deprived from the most crucial thing which would probably help them to develop their homeland if they were allowed to have it .They were deprived from having a voice to oppose the corrupted orders of those in higher positions like ministers . We find the narrator telling his friend Mahjoub that: A civil servant like me can not change anything if our masters say do so _and _so we do it† It seems that its neither the educated Sudanese from villages who occupy jobs in governmental offices, nor these who are graduates of intermediate schools, nor those who graduated from primary schools were able to make the change. The question that asks itself is who is the one that has the ability to make the change, and to bring the development to the country if the educated themselves were not able to bring the change to the corrupt systems that dominate Sudan .? Is the party (the Nationalist Democratic Socialist Party) going to bring the change to the country ? When we continue reading through the same page ,we will find the answer which is negative . The party is also handicapped .Its not able to make schools nor hospitals, which are the most crucial basic infrastructure in any society .Then, what is the benefit of having a party that does not work or not able to bring development to the country . You are the head of the national democratic socialist party the party in power, so why not pour out your anger on them Mahjoub said apologetically , if it had not been for the calamities. on the day it happened we were preparing to travel in a large hospital also an intermediate boys school ,a primary school for girls , an agriculture schools and. The above quotation refers to a very important historical fact which is the lack of schools in Sudan and the centerization of schools in the main cities like Al Khartoum, Omdarman. The educated and the socialist party wanted to develop the country by developing the education system, so we find their calls to develop educational system and to build new schools in Sudan especially in villages. Mahjoub informed us about the intention of the village delegation to ask for a primary school for girls since there is non, and a secondary school for boys and a primary school for girls, this indicates that there was a primary school for boys in the small village .During the 1930s, there were only ten schools in Sudan which is a spacious country .How many students do these schools teach? Perhaps five thousands or even ten thousand students are taught in these schools and what about the rest of the nation? For sure they will be left ignorant with no education .What will be the fate of a nation with little education? The other problem which Sudan suffers from as any other underdeveloped country was the centerization of infrastructure in the main big cities especially educational institutions and the lack of these institutions in the small villages in al khourtoum and Oumdarman, the old and the new capitals of Sudan, the educational institutions are available, but in small villages ,there were no such institutions the thing that made many students walk long distance to reach the nearest school since by now you probably realize the fact that the one ( e.g. corrupted governmental officers) who is not eager to provide villages with schools is ,for sure, not eager to provide the children with transportation methods (buses cars , trains †¦.) The problem was not peculiar to the quantity of education but also to the quality of the needed education. What kind of education does Sudan need in that period of time? The answer for this question may be directly indicated by the response of Mustafa Saeed to the narrator when the later informed Mustafa Saeed that he learned English poetry during his study period in England, not engineering nor medical sciences †¦We find that Saeed was at first disappointed but later he admitted the fact that Sudan in need of any kind of education not a specific study only as indicated below: We have no need of poetry here .It would have been better if you’d studied agriculture, engineering, or medicine But we are farmers and think only of what concern us Knowledge of whatever kind is necessary for the advancement of our country This disappointment of Mustafa saeed is due to the fact that he was properly worrying about the coming destiny of the Sudan and its nation. He realized the nation’ intensive needs for agriculture, engineering and medical knowledge and he was hopping that this need would be reduced a little by the narrator, but he was greatly disappointed when he knew that the narrator studied poetry. He, as scholar in economics, did not realize the influence of poetry on the self, the only thing that matters to him is statistics, numbers He few minutes later realizes the fact that the country needed any kind of knowledge even poetry. Agricultural schools were so important and so valuable since the Sudanese were living on farming not trade nor manufacturing ,so we find Mahjoub saying that the delegation they were preparing to send in order to demand of the party who is in power or perhaps of the government directly their needs of schools and hospitals . The last thing that we can say about education as represented in Season of Migration of the North is the ideas of rulers of Sudan about the situation and their way of behaving .The ideas of the rulers of Sudan appear clearly on the education conference. They started taking of unifying curriculum even though the schools were not built yet.!!! They say: no contradiction must occur between what the student learns at school and between what the reality of the life of the people. He justifies the fact that no schools were built as away of preventing a bourgeoisie from being created but the bourgeoisie is already created .It is living far away from reality and he is one of its member . This person, who does not want to make the students feel the difference between their schools and reality, escapes the hot summer of Sudan to live in his villa in Europe. His wife also does her shopping in Europe Yet he justifies the lack of good schools by fearing of creating a remoted away bourgeoisie . All in all, the Sudanese did not accept the educational colonial system .This system was intending to exploit the society by creating an alienated class of Sudanese. The corrupted government officials also exploit the nation by controlling the nation resources. The education is a crucial aspect of the life of any nation therefore the education should be improved to bring in the development for the nation in all respects of life. References : †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.,Rodney .et.al .Guides to African post colonial literature.F-M . omoregie . English Department. University of Boston . www.thecore . nus.edu.sg/post/Africa/omeiogie 11.htm#wrz . , . . ? ? .1924-1989? .1342-1409? . . Research Papers on Education in SudanStandardized TestingBringing Democracy to AfricaInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesPETSTEL analysis of IndiaRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeResearch Process Part OneHip-Hop is ArtQuebec and CanadaBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of Self

Writing a Thesis

Writing a Thesis Writing a Thesis Writing a Thesis Thesis writing is a common assignment for academic degree programs.   Thesis should include research elements, it is the culmination of several months or years of studying. Writing a thesis requires deep thought, excellent planning and proper organization. Thesis topic must be justified; claims and conclusions must be supported by experiments or reasoned arguments and deductions. Thesis writing requires a careful investigation and deep research as well as analysis of the chosen problem.   It is not easy to write a good thesis and I hope the following tips will give you some ideas on writing a thesis.   Thesis Format Abstract, the introduction, the literature review and the conclusion are the required parts of the thesis format. The abstract provides the reader with a summary of thesis content. It should be brief but contain sufficient details, tell the reader about your motivation to conduct a research, state the project objectives, illuminate techniques employed, mention main results and conclusions. Abstracts should not exceed a page and should be self-contained. The abstract is the guide to the contents of the thesis, and therefore it is important to give the reader a good overview of the thesis topics. Introduction is the first chapter thesis writing. The purpose of introduction is to discuss the motivation of the work, state and define the problem that thesis is intended to solve, state the aim of the work, and tell how the work will progress. Also provide a brief overview of each of the main chapters. In the introduction you shouldn't go into details, you will have the chance to describe them later in other chapters. Remember that writing a thesis introduction is the final step of the writing process. Once all chapters are completed, you will see the structure of the whole thesis and be empowered to write a better introduction.   In addition, at this stage you will have the results of your work and ideas about the contribution of your thesis writing. Literature review section is based on published material. The purpose of the literature review writing is to give details about the motivation for the work, explain why the thesis problem is important. You should show that you have studied thoroughly what others have done. Make sure that you found out the most recent information relating to your field of study. The literature review is obviously a very important chapter because you have to employ good critical thinking skills. The purpose of writing a thesis conclusion is to summarize the main findings of the project, to list the contributions of the work and to give the directions for further research. Custom Thesis Writing Help If you are not sure how to write a good thesis and you seek professional help to write parts of your thesis, you are welcome to ask professional thesis writers for assistance.   We guarantee adherence to the instruction you provide and deliver free plagiarism report proving originality of delivered project.   We are available 24/7 to provide thesis writing help and we guarantee timely reply to your concerns.

Breast Cancer Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Breast Cancer - Research Paper Example Locally advanced breast cancer is distinguished by the application of the TNM Staging Process and is considered to be stage III where the tumor has extended to the chest wall and or the axillary nodes but has not metastasize to far organs and body cavities. Last but not the least is metastatic breast cancer or advanced breast cancer, which is distinguished by the presence of malignant or cancerous cells in the various body parts like the bone; or distant organs like the lungs or the liver (Johnston et al, 2008). Signs and Symptoms Breast cancer symptoms are mostly composed of the changes in the physical outlook of the breast marked by lumps/growths, nipple retraction or dimpling, flaky skin on the nipple area, bloody discharges from the nipple and a change in the shape or alignment of the breast. The symptoms stated may be related to other forms of illness, hence undergoing mammogram screening is the best option if breast cancer is suspected because this will show malignant cells of tumors present within the breast especially if they are small and cannot be felt by the touch of the hand even while breast self examination is done (Johnston et al, 2008). Etiology/Pathogenesis The risk of breast cancer increases with age and becomes double every ten years until a woman reaches menopause. The root cause of breast cancer is still currently undetermined, but recent studies show that the development of the disease comes from various factors, and that women who are predispose to the following aspects are more susceptible to breast cancer: 1) had early menarche (menstruation) especially those who had their first menstrual period before age twelve; 2) had their menopause at a later age than the normal; 3) gave birth at an older age (30 years old and above); 4) has a family history of breast cancer; 5) excess alcohol consumption; 6) prolonged exposure of breast tissue to radiation; 7) recent utilization of oral contraceptives; 8) had postmenopausal hormone replacement the rapy; 9) obesity; and 10) mutation of the genes BRCA1 and BRCA2 (Johnston et al, 2008). Diagnostic Tests After being diagnosed of breast cancer and before surgery or any other treatment is considered for the patient, an assessment which includes medical history review, mammography and histology are done extensively. The patient assessment profile is followed by biopsy and the staging process, to determine the extent or magnitude of the cancer involved. Subsequent to the results of the tests that were done; the patients will now be informed of the different treatment alternatives, making them aware of the advantage and disadvantages of each treatment poses and the risks involved in all the procedures that will be undertaken (Chan et al, 2010). Treatments The recommended medical treatment for breast cancer involves the application and combination of: surgery (mastectomy), chemotherapy plus tamoxifen. radiotherapy plus tamoxifen, neo-adjuvant therapy and systemic adjuvant chemotherapy. Prior to any form of medical treatment, doctors normally provide their patients with options on how to cure the disease. This means giving the patient appropriate information on the actual procedures involved to remove the cancer cells from the breast and other parts of the body where it metastasized. This process permits the patient to choose for herself or himself about the kind of medical treatm

Humanistic Era Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Humanistic Era - Essay Example National Labor Relations Act, also called the Wagner Act was introduced in 1935. This act gained existence in the period of Great Depression. Due to Great Depression, the employers have to minimize their functionalities, due to which, employees faced career uncertainty. Unions got active in order to support employees to get their rights. According to Jackson and Mathis (2007), collective bargaining was promoted by the US government under the Wagner act. The employees were not required to be a part of labor union to get their rights as they had the right.According to Bohlander and Snell (2009), the Wagner Act highlighted certain unjust labor actions such as persecution of employees in terms of using their rights, keeping bias against the workers and rejection of the notion of collective bargain for opting for the workers’ spokespersons.TheoristsMary Parker Follett informed in her theory that management should be authoritative with employees or not over them. Employees and emplo yers should form a relationship in which, they share authority and make decisions likewise. In this manner, processing and business functions will be eased out. She introduced the term participative management in her essay, â€Å"The Giving of Orders†.  Ã‚   Huston and Marquis (2008), inform about the theorist, Elton Mayo and his Harvard acquaintances who introduced Hawthorne effect. Like McGregor and Elton Mayo, Chris Argyris also claimed that authoritative behavior from the management’s side disheartens the employees and affect their performance.

Deviant Behaviors Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Deviant Behaviors - Research Paper Example Deviant behaviors involve the process by which conditions, actions, and or beliefs are viewed as deviant by others. Others, like copyright infringement, may not be considered as deviant. While acts of racism may attract negative reactions in some societies, it may not do so in other societies. Conditions, such as dwarfism, facial deformities or obesity, may cause individuals to be treated badly depending on the societal beliefs (Humphrey, 2006). Social assimilation is the connection to institutions and groups while social ruling is obedience to values and norms in a particular community. The ones highly incorporated fall under the group of selflessness while those who are not extremely incorporated are considered egoistic. Likewise, the regulated ones are considered in the category of fatalism and tolerable ones are in the category of anomie (Humphrey, 2006). Altruistic suicide (demise for the superior of the assembly), egocentric suicide (fall of the elimination of the acceptable connection with other people), anomic (fatality because of confusing of self-interest and norms of the society) are caused by limits (Flick, 2011). Robert K. Merton described deviant behavior by defining the objectives in his theory of anomie. He stated that anomie is defying of social norms. He also defines anomie as a condition where social goals and legitimacy are significant in communication. He explained that one’s reaction to the society were useful in considering deviance. Purposely, he studied combined action as provoked by frustration, strain, or stress in a body of people who arise from a detachment amid the goals of the society and the commonly used means to attain that goal. Usually, non-custom group deeds (rebellion, rioting etc.) are reflected on financial constrains. The two scopes dictate the revision to society depending on the cultural

Political Science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Political Science - Essay Example This includes the pattern of Supreme Court’s rulings, its tendencies towards the over rulings, the cases for it that have been taken to court, along with certain states and their municipal courts allowing the same sex marriage. The paper would also look into the interracial marriages and the patterns being followed by the higher Courts towards it, along with the response of state, senate and other legislative and regulative entities. Keywords: Same Sex marriage, Supreme Court, interracial marriage, Legal considerations Striking analogy: The movers of the bill and movement for same sex marriage draw a relationship with the inter racial marriages which were equally denied in the earlier days, their statements are defended by facts and data from past to the present based on the percentage of people permitted and the percentage and exact number of people who are enrolled in a different race based marriage. This paper will make use of the research papers, and literature reviews by following the proceedings as they have taken place in recent pasts along with an overall historic tracing of how the entire event has unfolded and what has been the response of state pillars from time to time. Interracial Marriage: Historical proceedings over interracial marriages: Inter racial marriages were an issue and non practicing term till the middle of 20th century. One prime example in this regard was seen in 1950s when Richard and Mildred were denied the right to wedlock based on their racial affiliations and differences. The dynamics of inter racial marriage changed in 1967 when the Supreme Court granted permission to inter racial marriages. Hence a co relation and analogy is being drawn between the two forms of matrimonial relationship. Defining of the term marriage in context of inter racial marriage: According to the proponents of the movement of same sex marriage, the inter racial marriage didn’t lead to changing of definition of marriage, in the same manner th e same sex marriage does not lead or require changing the definition, and thereby there is no conclusive need for obstruction in its approval. Over period of time, these concepts have totally changed, the interracial marriage trends are on the rise in United States, and according to a finding, one in ten marriages are that of couples hailing from totally different backgrounds. This is seen as over 25 percent increase in the trend the last decade. This is leading to the multi dimensional shape of the society as a whole. As of present standing over 4.8 million (Bell) weddings are between different races, and this figure has risen by multiple proportions in less than four to five decades, comparing to the times when they were not approved by the state. Cultural significance of Inter racial marriages: The inter racial marriages have led to pluralistic society concept with more tolerance and acceptance towards one another. A co relation between inter racial marriages and Gay marriages: A ccording to a find

Music Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Music - Assignment Example The wide popularity of the music has led to various transcriptions and arrangements. For example, in Switched On Bach on the Moog synthesizer recording done by Walter Carlos and the classical guitar. The composition of this music is in the G key and is in  ¾ time. The music is seen to be a slow moving piece.The introduction has three parts; the top line, the middle line and the bottom line. The choral is seen to have the alto, bass, tenor and soprano. In conclusion, currently, this music is performed at Christian festivities such as Easter holidays, Christmas and weddings. However, it is in non-cooperation to the effect Johann Sebastian Bach suggested in his first song. One referral listener asserted that he could not see a difference in seriousness, in sacred and secular music done by Bach. The opening of Jauchzet Frohlocket BWV 248 is full of jubilant coloratura. This is the same music written by Bach as a secular cantata â€Å"Tonet Ihr Pauken.† There is no distinction on the performance of these two

Racial conflict Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Racial conflict - Research Paper Example The management of racial conflict has in the recent past turned out to be a severe challenge in the post-cold war era. Recent years has witnessed manifestation of racial conflicts in different ways including: intimidation, property vandalism, verbal threat, ethic/racial jokes, as well as physical violence. Racial conflicts have as well received infinite critics from various entities due to its long term harm to victims’ physical, psychological, social, and emotional wellbeing that is brought about by body mistreatment, verbal harm, and the impacts of consistent threats (Enrique189). It appears that, some of this racial unrest is brought about by inadvertent and intentional physical verbal and non-verbal actions. Racial conflict can be defined as a situation that explains either a misunderstanding or planned racial discrimination and harassment that leads to physical distress and interpersonal altercations in the affected population. Peaceful coexistence between different racia l groups is extremely critical for sustainable political, social, and economic development. Lack of peaceful coexistence amongst different racial group may lead to consistent racial tension, hostility, and conflicts that lead to destruction of properties and loss of lives. To necessitate global uniformed economic development and growth, maintenance of global peace is paramount and inevitable. All plays are therefore expected to step up and initiate mechanisms that can offset animosity experienced among different racial groups. Additionally, to realize the relevant change for social development, individuals ought to be committed toward bringing the required change in the society. The essay below therefore seeks to persuade individuals to take the necessary actions to actively defy racial conflict in the society. Due to racial conflicts, societies in different countries are divided; more that 20 million lives have so far been lost, future generation is as well at risk of extinction an d there is increased racial based hatred and fear in the world. Racial conflict has become a global economic development predicament that requires instant action to minimize its effect on the contemporary society. Based on the assessable global statistics, it is clear that, racial motivate conflicts occurs almost on daily bases in diverse social settings. In 2007, the world spent over $ 67 million to help racial conflict victims. In 2003, the United States of America’s Department of Justice received over 210,000 cases of racially motivated hate crimes in different states. The current statistics is a clear indication of elevating cases of racial conflict in a considerable number of the world society. Based on the current statistics, it is astonishing to understand that, a good percentage of modern racial instigated violence is more apparent among young people. For instance in 2005, the 21% of hate crime offenders in United States of America were under 18 years of age. Addition ally, most racial conflicts occur in learning institutions. Present statistics indicates that, over 64% of global conflicts in many learning institutions are motivated by nations of origin and race (Mitchell 621). By considering the fact , most of the racial conflict cases are common among young people, it is evident that, unless acute action is taken against racial conflict suspects, the menace is likely to be worse in the near future People vacating their homes due to racial conflicts in Italy Additionally, despite its daunting level, the accessible statistics may fail to present the actual cases of racial conflicts in different societies. This is due to the fact that, most of the available statistics is based on the reported cases. A good number of the affected

Music Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Music - Assignment Example The wide popularity of the music has led to various transcriptions and arrangements. For example, in Switched On Bach on the Moog synthesizer recording done by Walter Carlos and the classical guitar. The composition of this music is in the G key and is in  ¾ time. The music is seen to be a slow moving piece.The introduction has three parts; the top line, the middle line and the bottom line. The choral is seen to have the alto, bass, tenor and soprano. In conclusion, currently, this music is performed at Christian festivities such as Easter holidays, Christmas and weddings. However, it is in non-cooperation to the effect Johann Sebastian Bach suggested in his first song. One referral listener asserted that he could not see a difference in seriousness, in sacred and secular music done by Bach. The opening of Jauchzet Frohlocket BWV 248 is full of jubilant coloratura. This is the same music written by Bach as a secular cantata â€Å"Tonet Ihr Pauken.† There is no distinction on the performance of these two

Balanced Scorecard in Performance Management Research Paper

Balanced Scorecard in Performance Management - Research Paper Example The concept of balanced scorecard was initiated by Kalpan and Norton at the beginning of 1990. The balanced scorecard is a strategic management tool used by organizations for the purpose of measuring their performance. While measuring the performance level it considers factors such as employee knowledge, customer satisfaction, and innovation of the company (Cambridge Dictionaries Online, n.d.). It provides ways to the organizations for balancing strategic priorities and other associated factors such as customers, finances, processes and people. The balanced scorecard also ensures that the performance standards at both individual and organizational level remain balanced (Houldsworth & Jirasinghe, 2006, p.143). It not only offers a framework for performance measurement but also enables planners to discover what must be accomplished and measured. A number of companies have therefore incorporated balanced scorecard into their system of operation, so as to facilitate effective and well-or ganized performance measurement system. These organizations with the help of performance management have been able to align their strategies & visions with the business objectives. In the context of the study, Boston Scientific Corporation has been chosen to assess how balanced scorecard can be utilized for optimal organizational performance. Hence before getting into a further discussion, a brief introduction of the organization has been presented in the next half of the project. Boston Scientific Corporation: A Brief Overview Boston Scientific Corporation manufactures and markets medical devices. The company was founded in the year 1979 and has its present base of operations in Natick, Massachusetts (Boston scientific, n.d.). Boston Scientific Corporation or BSC was founded by John Abele.  

The strengths of a Goalkeeper Essay Example for Free

The strengths of a Goalkeeper Essay For my GCSE PE Coursework Ill be writing about the strengths of a Goalkeeper.  A Goalkeeper always needs to be fit before a match because even though he doesnt need to run on the pitch a lot a goalkeeper needs to be fit because if they are not fit they will have difficulties diving to reach a ball when an opponent tries to score and also the keeper might get the ball blasted onto him so he might go down because he is not fit enough to take the shot coming towards him. A Goalkeepers vision is very important for his job because if the keepers vision is bad he wont be able to see the shots coming towards him and then the opponent can score a goal.  I think the most important part of a Goalkeepers currier is if he has good grip with his hands because if he is clumsy the opposing player shot will slip right through the keepers hands therefore he lets in a silly goal so the keeper must make sure he has his hands nice and steady and make sure he doesnt have a injury to one of his fingers because if his fingers are injured and the ball hits it hard the keeper could have a broken finger and that could be a permanent injury ending his goalkeeping currier. A Goalkeeper must be a good goal kick taker and also have to do good long balls otherwise if he cant that means there is a very big risk every time he has to take a goal kick and could accidentally pass to the opposing player leaving him a good chance to score.  One of the main skills that a keeper has to have are his diving skills because a football goal is quite big so you need to be a very good diver in order to get the ball when it is shot on goal otherwise the keeper cant do much besides stay in one spot or move left or right. One of a goalkeeper strengths has to be how alert he his this is called reaction time a keeper when he sees a ball he as to be alert  Page 2 of 2  To dive or jump to it as fast as possible otherwise he will be letting his team down and could cost him dearly in the future.  A Goalkeeper strengths must also be Accuracy because if hes going to kick the ball when its a goal kick he has to know where hes kicking it to otherwise he will be wasting time kicking it around the pitch or he could make a mistake and kick it to a opponent leaving him a chance to score. Another keepers skill that he must master is Agility because if he has to go and chase a ball that a striker from the opposing team is also chasing he has to be fast enough to get the ball and clear it so the opponent wont benefit and end up scoring.  A really testy skill that some keepers have trouble with are balance a keeper must be able to balance himself after hes taken a hard shot because if he cant balance himself after the ball was blasted onto him he could easily walk in the goal and scoring for the other team which would let your team down. A lot of goalkeepers always happen to be tall from their hands to their feet they must be at least able to reach from the cross bar to the floor otherwise an opponent could easily chip the ball over your head and score a goal so a goalkeeper has to have good height to play and also a Goalkeeper should also have a high jump because if somehow hes out off his 6 yard box anyone could lob him and he has to have a good high jump to catch the ball or at least stop it from going into the goal. CONCLUSION  I think that the goalkeeper has the hardest job on the pitch much harder than a defender or midfielder or forward because the goalie has to take all the hard shots and takes a lot of hits by the ball or opposing player trying to score he has to sacrifice himself when he has to jump or dive to stop the ball and when he dives he also has to risk not banging on to the post and risk smashing his head thats why the keeper I think works the hardest on a pitch because of all these reasons.

The Bargaining Power Of Buyer

The Bargaining Power Of Buyer Fraser Neave holding Bhd. was incorporated at year 1883 when founders John Fraser and David Chalmers Neave formed a company named Singapore Straits Aerated Water Company in Singapore. Few years later, FN was consolidated and enter the food beverage industry. FN has its own vision to become the leading total beverage company in Malaysia and the region and their mission is to be a world-class multinational enterprise providing superior returns to their shareholders, excellent value for their customers and a rewarding career for their employees. FN Company is one of the Malaysia well known beverage company which the famous product is the isotonic drinks 100plus launched at year 1984. FN produce wide range of beverage that can be classified as soft drinks, dairies, non-carbonated beverages as well as separate business property. They were launching the sweetened condensed filled milk in year 1973, and the acquisition of Nestlà ©s canned milk business in Thailand and Malaysia in year 2007. Other than that FN high quality canned milk was also gain excellent reputation in Malaysia. This product is largely use as beverage mixers in coffee, tea and chocolate drinks and now canned milk has successfully to export this product to more than 20 countries around the world. In addition, the halal certification offers strong reassurance to Muslim customers in the growing Halal markets in the Middle East and Africa. FN Company was awarded The Readers Digest Trusted Brand from year 2005 to 2008, Media Magazine Top 1000 Asian Brands 2007 and so on. It proves that their customer was confident when using their products since they are concern about their health and safety quality. FN Company was continuously improve their quality and brands to challenges the marketplace and to become the leader. FN Company is also well-known company that caring about the social environment and working environment. They implemented and executed various environmental stewardship and launched numerous recycling campaigns in schools to inculcate good environmental habits among young people and thus, create awareness on the importance of recycling. FN Company also set-up a RM1.2 million funds named Chairmans Award to promote educational excellence and to recognize high-achievers among children of FN Groups employees. FN Company has achieved a safety record of zero accident (no loss time accident) accumulated from 1 February 2007 to 21 September 2009 with a total 962 days or 2.3 million working hours. In terms of its environmental compliance incident and achieved zero environmental compliance status. FN Company has three main businesses which are soft drinks, dairy products and property. Soft Drink FN Beverages Marketing Sdn Bhd represent Malaysias largest soft drinks manufacturer and distributor. There are four manufacturing plants nationwide, including its state of the art facility at its headquarters in Shah Alam, Selangor. Their products are 100PLUS, FN Fun Flavours, FN Originals, SEASONS, Ice Mountain and Fruit Tree. The company started operations in 1936 when FN Ltd obtained the franchise of Coca-Cola in Singapore and Malaysia. After that FN Coca-Cola (M) Sdn Bhd (FNCC) was born and license agreement would end in September 2011, the company renamed as FNBM. In Malaysia, 100PLUS is a outstanding local success story, cover 90 percent share of the isotonic drinks market and also the No.1 ready to drink (RTD) brand in Malaysia. For non-carbonated portfolio, SEASONS is currently No.2 in Asian drinks category while Fruit Tree continue to grow within the juice segment. The soft drinks division perform well during the festive periods and continue to pursue world class excellence in distribution so that the products are readily available with focus on market execution. Over the years, FNBM has used few strategic measures that emphasize on its brand presence by invested in advertising and promotions, product availability and operational efficiency. In April 2010, FNBM was selected to become exclusive distributor of Red Bull energy drinks in Malaysia and has improved FNBMs beverage portfolio. Dairies Products Next business is dairy products. FN Dairies (Malaysia) Sdn Bhd has produced varity such as sweetened condensed milk, evaporated milk, pasteurised milk, UHT milk, juice and ice cream. FNs dairy business had a joint venture with Beautrice Foods of Chicago, USA in 1959 with the construction of Southeast Asias first sweetened condensed milk plant in Petaling Jaya, Malaysia. The Carnation Company from US joined the partnership in 1965 to form Premier Milk as the manufacturing arm. The Group constantly seeks product innovation and invention, more products adding into portfolio and after that the Group had a successful journey into ice cream business. In 1989, the Group purchased the interests of Beatrice Foods and restructured its dairy operations under FN Dairies (Malaysia) Sdn Bhd. It was expanded further with the acquisition of Magnolia in 1995. In 1998, the Group started its pasteurised business. Today, FNs dairies division has a vision of being Malaysias leading dairy and food marketer with world class products, standards and capabilities forming part and parcel of its offerings. In 2011, FN Dairies (Malaysia) disposed off its entire ice cream business to FN Creameries (M) Sdn Bhd. Property About the property business, FN Properties is a business unit of Fraser Neave Holdings Berhad, the purpose is to unlock the value of land acquired and held by the company. The first property is the former FN factory land at Jalan Foss, has been developed into commercial spot called Fraser Business Park. The development follows the general direction of Fraser Neaves underlying philosophy of a socially responsible corporate citizen. Key value lies within the emphasis of continuously creating innovative designs and applications towards the development, giving its occupants a taste of the modern and the future alike. More is expected from future property launches as the unit break new ground with innovative design and product development that focus on feature that are particular to the FN brand name. In future, the property division will emphasize on changing existing Premier Milk plant into a landmark in Petaling Jaya. The redevelopment is estimated 5 to 8 years period. PEST Mission: To be a world-class multinational enterprise providing superior returns to our shareholders, excellent value for our customers and a rewarding career for our employees. Vision: To become the leading total beverage company in Malaysia and the region. Every company has their mission and vision statement served as overall purpose of business. The mission and vision statement above are set by FN. There are external environmental issues have or will affect FN to achieve their mission. These external environmental issues are being categorized according to PEST(EL) model. PEST(EL) model is to analyze the external environment issues of company. It categorized environment issues into political, economic, social, technological, ecological and legal influences. Economic Improving growth prospect of Malaysia, Thailand and the region brings more income to FN as is signals economy are in good condition and peoples are willing to spend hence will increase sales in that particular region. The growth prospects include rising of Malaysia GDP in year 2010 that is approximately 10% compare to 4.5% in 2009 that rise from some major factor of manufacturing industry production with a double digit growth of 16.9% in year 2010. ASEAN countries are growing quick in their economy thus putting FN a favourable factor in growing of profits. FN has built up positive consumer sentiment to their product. For example 100PLUS, isotonic drink that is specialized for sportsmen to retain the metabolism. It is a concept well-built that it is voted number 1 isotonic drinks in Malaysia since its introduction in 1983. That well-built positive sentiment brings others drinks of FN to be well marketable. It is the consumer sentiment to the products enhanced the profitability factor of FN towards other competitor thus is at an advantage in the market. Political Government had put initiative to boost spending of consumer with new economic model (NEM), with this model being pursue, Malaysia economic boost as consumer purchasing power increases and are advised to spend. FN will get benefit by provide goods to be sold to the market hence boosting sales. FN products are all Halal hence are entitled for Halal Hub Tax Incentive. The incentive offered had decreased FN some percentage of tax liability to the government. It made FN more profitable compare to those companies which does not qualified for the incentive. Government has taken back some incentive in year 2009, the withdrawal of subsidy of fuel and sugar has put an impact to FN as most of the FN core businesses needed large amount of sugar which is dairies and soft drink business. The withdrawal of sugar subsidy lower the overall profit of the FN although there is a large improve a sales but the profit doesnt show much improvement as the sugar cost increases. Withdrawals of fuel subsidy did also impact on FN as the cost of their internal and external distribution cost increases thus reduces profit. Technological In the beginning of 2011, FN introduced new product, Ice Mountain and it has faster share gain among bottler waters player which established 5% market share in Malaysia. FN launched new beverage Zesta across Malaysia in October 2011.Zesta has remarkably great tasting berry soda flavored soda. It contents the Guarana tropical berries that originate from Amazon, South America. In addition, Guarana tropical berries invigorate the body and mind. Zesta is an extension of our already large array of FN beverages, a beverage that was initiated to complement our existing range of FN brands, creating a transition vehicle for our growing band of consumers, said Dato Ng Jui Sia, CEO of Fraser Neave Holdings Bhd. FN believes that Zesta is the illustration of growing trends for beverage enhanced soda. (Zesta 2011) Environmental Sichuan Earthquake of May 2008 has caused the raw material cost increase and companys profit is affected. Natural disaster is beyond expectation and control of the company. Profit before interest and tax in 2008 grew only 5%. This environmental factor has affected company to achieve their mission. Natural disaster would serve as obstacle that FN provide superior returns to shareholders. Porters 5 forces Today, Fraser Neave Holdings Bhd (FN) has extended business at more than 20 countries worldwide and established itself as a regional player. So that, FN need use Porters five forces model to analysis and understanding the nature of the competitive environment. FN has a lot of benefits from using Porters five forces model. They can ensure that management considers a wide range of potential impacts when devising strategy. They allow the division of the work in environmental analysis and make decision in time. In addition, Porters five forces also help to develop effective strategies to raise FN profitability, power, and competitive position in an industry. Porters five forces is divided into threat of entry, intensity of competitive rivalry, threat of substitute product, bargaining power of buyer and bargaining power of suppliers. Threat of entry Threat of entry is new entrants into market will bring extra capacity and intensify competition. The strength of the threat from new entrants will depend upon the strength of the barriers to entry and the likely response of existing competition to a new entrant. FN produce two new soft drink FN Clearly Citrus and Zesta were launched in soft drink market at year 2011. Zesta and FN Clearly Citrus are getting customer support and the new produces also have a higher demand from the buyer. Zesta sales would create other competitor have entered the soda market, it will be posted a threat for the FN affect the market sales. Therefore, FN should defensively competitor who are entered the soda market to creating barriers that new entrants to the market find difficult to overcome. This can ensure the Zesta sales would not affect and ensure the maximize shareholders wealth. FN able to occupy in the Malaysia soda market a very important role. Bargaining power of supplier Bargaining power of suppliers definition with the stronger power of suppliers in an industry the more difficult it is for firms within that sector to make a profit. It is because suppliers can determine the terms and conditions on which business is conducted. Most of the products are contented sugar, sugar is essential for production. Malaysian Government has removed sugar subsidies on selective basis and subsidy for Dairies Malaysia was removed. Increased of sugar cost and global commodity cost forced price of Sweetened Condensed Milk increased by 25%. However, sugar subsidy was removed on selective basis which means FN can look for suppliers whose sugar subsidies werent removed. In addition, competitors will also search for new suppliers and it may not easy to reduce cost as low as before. Apart from that, FN may have to concern about any switching cost for current suppliers. Bargaining power of buyer Bargaining power of buyer sense of the powerful buyer can force price cuts and quality improvement. The government removed sugar subsidy, FN material cost increased and affected the product selling price increased. In 2011, Sweetened Condensed Milk has increased 25% of the price which cause the demand reduced. Revenue and profit was decline during the year. Buyers also have full information about the soft drink and dairy product market. They should know which company product cheaper, more health and best quality. FN need to retain the customer by improving product quality and introduce new product. Buyers always have different choice for their beverage and dairy product. Apart from that, same type of competitors product will be display nearby companys products. For example, Jusco will be placing same type of products together which allowed buyers to search easily. There is low switching cost for buyers. Beside, degree of product differentiation is low which customer may feel all bran ds are similar. This threat is more difficult to control, because FN management need to concentrate on changing buyers preference and also maximize the shareholders wealth. Threat of substitute product Porters 5 forces have indicated that the threat of substitute product is the other firms within the industry has offers similar product with similar benefits for the customer. This threat may affects the competitive environment of the company and influence our ability to achieve profitability. On FN Magnolia have offers Pasteurised Milk and Sterilised Milk. The range of the customers is children and adults. The Pasteurised Fresh Milk can be enjoyed chilled or warm, plain or mixed with other foods or beverages and they innovate into Lo-Fat Hi-Cal Milk provide less fat and more healthier of the Fresh Milk for our body. However, Marigold has offers HL Milk is low-fat milk No.1 in Malaysia. HL Milk has perfect balance of nutrients for everyone in the family and it consists high in calcium and protein, low in fat and lactose and fortified with 9 essential vitamins to supplement healthier lifestyle. Marigold HL Milk is first choice for the customers who are caring health conscious. FN should innovation their milk product provide more healthy to attract or retain consumer choices. Another competitor is Dutch Lady has provided a Dutch Lady Milk powder for satisfy customer needs who want mix it with other coffee or tea favour and it has a rich and creamy taste and allowed to dilute in hot or cold water easily. Furthermore, Dutch Lady also has provided different formulations to cater to children of different ages to promote their brain development and healthy growth. Therefore, most of the mother would choose Dutch Lady Milk products of their children rather than choose FN milk products. FN SEASONS offers soft drink products are leaders in countrys most comprehensive range of consumer, catering to every occasion. The Soya range provides protein nourishment while the Chrysanthemum and Grass Jelly provides healthier refreshment with less sugar let FN SEASONS become best quality and healthy drinks. However, they are having lesser favors for the customer choose. YEOS have more favors, such as Lychee drink, Sugarcane drink, Bandung Rose drink, coconut juice, soursop drink and guava drink for the customer to choice. Hence, consumers who are Sugarcane drink lover may change its option to YEOS products. Although there are many competitors for isotonic drink, 100Plus still able to gain over 88% of the market share. Company has done a lot promotion for 100Plus which the reason 100Plus is successfully gain more than half of the market share. (Annual Report 2010) Intensity of competitive rivalry Intensity of competitive rivalry among competitors in the industry strives to companies to gain competitive advantage over the rivals and drives the profit of the rivals firm to zero. The company can gains the competitive advantage by several ways, such as pricing policy, improving the products differentiation with other and exploiting relationships with suppliers. If can gain more competitive advantage over competitors can increase the profitability of the company. FN only provided soft drink products and dairy products, appears less competitive advantage compare with others. Nowadays, people more have health conscious when they buying products may choice to buy the products which consists more nutrition. In food and beverage industry also have many company has provide more diet product to satisfied the requirements of the different customers. Dutch Lady Low Fat Yoghurt is a healthy snack and it will enhance the absorption of nutrients, ensuring digestive system stays healthy. It contains Vitamin A, C and E, calcium and Active Live Cultures. In Addition, the Marigold have offer the Yogurt and cultured milk Vitagen which have consists nutrition products for the body. The Vitagen has billions of live probiotic cultures to helps maintain a healthy digestive system. Probiotic cultures in VITAGEN can withstand bile and acidic stomach juices and reach the intestines alive to fight harmful bacteria in the intestines. Furthermore, the Yoghurt contains live and active cultures help digestion and promote a healthy digestive system and calcium for the development of strong bones and teeth. Marigold also has offers Jelly is a great-tasting double-layered jelly that is filled with fresh fruits. Its cool and refreshing taste makes it great for everyone in the family and contains no preservatives and is a healthy alternative to fruits after a hearty meal. This makes Marigold become Malaysias first and only pasteurised Jelly. This all is key reasons that the consumer may change favors to this type of products. To gain competitive advantage, FN should provide more nutrition products for the customers have more choose. Porters national competitive advantage diamond Porters diamond model suggests that there are inherent reasons why some nations and industries within nations are more competitive than others on a global scale. The argument is that the national home base of an organisation provides organisations with specific factors which will potentially create competitive advantages on a global scale. (Michael Porter 1990) Porters diamond model consist of four conditions of national advantage which are factor conditions, demand conditions, related and supporting industries and firm strategy, structure and rivalry. Factor conditions Factor condition is about important elements that exist in a company which lead to national competitive advantage. It can be country specific or industry specific. FN Dairies had constructed plant in Pulau Indah costs RM350 million and will be completed within the second half of 2011. The new plant promotes cutting edge green technology which would have huge gains in water, energy and environmental conservation. With existence of this plant, FN Dairies could be on the top list of worlds largest producers of canned milk. (Annual Report 2011 pg 41) An increase in production line is an advantage of the company. FN had launched a new RM45 million polyethylene terephthalate (PET) monoblock production line which is the first in Asia Pacific. This able to done all the things in only one production line, for example blow bottles, fill and pack all carbonate soft drinks products. (Annual Report 2010 pg 32) FN has the latest innovation and technology that bring advantages to them. With this latest technology, FN can enhance its operations by continuing improve production lines. FN can produce more products in effective and efficient way. In addition, the new machineries increase as the production lines increases. The warehouse management system has implemented to make operation work run smoothly. Besides, the introduction of new sales forecasting tools helps in manufacturing, if sales forecast is low, the manufacturer will produce less stock. Supply chain act as an important role in a business. Without supply, production would not be carried out. Improvement in supply chain lead to high efficiency of production and logistic by upgrade the systems. FN introduce higher level of operational automation and inventory management to ensure the manufacturing process has no error. Besides, the product quality management has to make sure that the products are in acceptable quality and safety measures are enhanced in order the product would not harm people. Demand conditions Secondly, the demand conditions state that if the local market for a product is larger and more demanding at home than in foreign markets, local firms potentially put more emphasis on improvements than foreign companies. This will potentially increase the global competitiveness of local exporting companies. FN non-carbonated portfolio has slightly increased from 25.4 per cent to 28 per cent in soft drinks business. This represent there is a growing demand for drinks. During the year, FN included fruit teas and juices to its range of soft drinks, and launch new drink called Zesta recently catering consumers of this segment. The ability to innovate, differentiate and manufacture new product lines will bring advantages such as gain more market share. (Zesta 2011) FN Fruit Tree released five new flavours in bottle form which are orange, apple, lychee, blackcurrant and mango. As the demand increases, Fruit Tree has becoming one of the fastest growing categories in Malaysia. The new flavours are the extension to the Fruit Tree cans range and the research shows that consumer preference toward these flavours compared to other brand in the market. (Annual Report 2010 pg 36) FN Holding Berhad has built a new warehouse in Kuching which triple larger than previous warehouse capacity to improve the quality of service and make sure delivery to customers is on time. Furthermore, it utilised advanced warehousing technology such as high selective racking, super flat flooring and Very Narrow Aisleway (VNA) trucks. Related and supporting industries Thirdly, the related and supporting industries mean that when local supporting industries and suppliers are competitive, home country companies will potentially get more cost efficient and receive more innovative products. In February 2010, 100PLUS signed a partnership agreement with AirAsia Berhad, officially sell 100PLUS on AirAsia flights which depart from Malaysia. AirAsia Berhad is a Malaysia top airlines company, being a partner of AirAsia Berhad has a real competitive advantage for FN. This agreement is a big step for division to extend business offshore. Passenger dehydration happened frequently in air travel, with 100PLUS the passenger can get over the dehydration. Support from AirAsia is like an advertisement effect, whenever there is a flight, there is an appearance of 100PLUS. (Annual Report 2010 pg 038) Firm strategy, structure and rivalry Structure and management system can affect competitiveness. FN is running beverage and dairies business in addition to food business too. FN buy 23.08 per cent share in Cocoaland Holdings Berhad. Cocoaland is a major snack food manufacturer in Malaysia. FN is diversifying the business risk to various subsidiaries. FN develop the food business to supplement beverage and dairies business. As the Malaysia grow into high income economy country, the consumption of middle income will increase and food business will be benefited. GE model 3 portfolio business Property Dairy product Soft drink GE business matrix Industry Attractiveness- Economic Factor Business Strength- Brand Strength High Medium Low High Investment/ Growth Soft drinkSelective Growth Selectivity Medium Dairy productSelective Growth Selectivity Harvest/Divest Low Selectivity Property businessHarvest/Divest Harvest/Divest FNs business has divided into 3 portfolio and that are Soft Drinks, Dairy Products and Properties. First of all, we will use the environmental factor and brand strength as the industry attractiveness factors and business factors benchmark. Soft Drinks FNs core soft drinks business portfolio will be classified at the classes of selective growth. The company soft drinks 100plus and Zesta are popular in Malaysia and have helped the company in bringing certain level of stable income.100plus as the companys core product have promoting an active lifestyle and healthy living to consumer. Many events have been run to promote 100plus as it is isotonic drink of choice at major sporting events. 100plus is present at top sports events such as Piala Malaysia Final 2011 100plus Tunku Abdul Razak Cup, KL Marathon 2011 and so on to continue building prestigious images of 100plus to consumers. Profit of division has been growing from year 2007 to 2011. However, sugar subsidy withdrawn by Malaysian Government has major impact on price of sugar. The division has lesser growth rate for year 2011. In addition, global commodity cost has increased which is unfavorable economic factor. Soft Drink division has very high brand strength but economic factors are not really favourable to the division. Dairy Products FNs dairy products will be classified at the classes of selectivity. Companys dairy products have included sweetened condensed milk, evaporated milk, pasteurised milk, UHT milk, juices and ice cream. Dairy Products also suffered from withdrawal of sugar subsidy and global commodity price increased in 2011. FNs dairy products business has classified at selectivity, with medium level of attractiveness and medium business strength on the dairy products. Although the product Milo is popular in Malaysia, Milo is not owned by FN, it was franchised. This product reduces business strength as it is not the only major player in the market. The dairy products will seem less attractive to the investors to consider investing because the deliberate of the milk market is very costly. In addition, the cost for hire workers and the cost to obtain technology for producing the dairy products are costly for subsequent production of dairy products. Moreover, the dairy products license also difficult to be approved by the government. New entrant will find difficult to entry, because the market has been controlled and played by a few major competitors. New entrant will find difficulty to enter to the market as these factors created entry barriers. Properties FNs property business had generated more revenue in year 2007 compared to the year 2006 by 6%. Revenue for the year 2008 had declined by 24% compare to year 2007. FNs property business has classified at selectivity with high level of attractiveness and low business strength. The company is more concentrated in the soft drink products and has no initiative to promote companys property to the public, not many people knows that FN has already entered into properties. FNs property business is non comparable with beverage business that seems to be so successful and FNs property business strength is low in this industry. The property business that has high profitability in the industry will attract more investors to invest. The government encourage removing of old building and build more new business park in order to bring in more prosperity to our country. Moreover, our property business is at growth stage because it is newly introduced into the industry, hence it does not have strong bus iness strength on the property business. Ratio analysis and Key performance Indicators Revenue of continuing operation continues to grow from 2009 to 2010 by 11.2% and 2010 to 2011 7.6%. In 2010, the revenue is able to grow better than 2011 due to improved economic conditions. Malaysia Government has introduced New Economic Model 2010 helps to boost spending in Malaysia. Profit before interest and tax growth rate also decline from 2010 to 2011, 31% to 14%. The result was affected because of particular division wasnt doing well in 2011. Soft Drink Soft Drink division has current ratio of 1.77 and 1.99 for year 2010 and 2011. It indicated improvement in managing assets and liabilities. The growth momentum of soft drink division has continued. The division has been doing well over the years. It contributes the largest profit to FN. In 2010, the soft drink division was able to generate revenue 21% more compared to last year. Soft drink was delivering higher volume especially during festive periods such as Chinese New Year. In addition, sales volume of 100Plus Seasons have grew more than 20% and reflected strong consumption and growing popularity of the brands. 100Plus generated over 88% of market share in isotonic category and Seasons generated 27% market share of Asian drink category. While Badminton competition Thomas Cup was around, 100PLUS Thomas Cup 1 Million Support Campaign was held for Malaysian to show their support for Malaysian badminton team. Apart from that, the division served as distributor of Red Bull energy drinks in Malaysia and commenced from 1 April 2010. Soft drink volume was able to benefit from Red Bull which contributed 2.2% helps to improve the divisions beverage portfolio. (Annual Report 2010) Soft drink division grew only 16% from 2010 to 2011. The growth rate is eroded due to the reason of Malaysian government has withdrawn the subsidy of sugar and fuel. Therefore, raw material cost has increased and causes the profit margin diminished. Coca-Cola business exits the FN in September 2011 which also the reason of profit margin diminished. However, 100Plus and Seasons still generated volume growth 10% and 14% to benefits the division. 100Plus and Seasons are the leading brands in the division and continue to enhance the divisions beverage portfolio. 100Plus was being promoted continuously as 100PLUS New Thematic Launch in July 2011. Beside, FN SEASONS Nourishing You Malaysia National Consumer Contest held between March and April 2011 to create consum